Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 29, 2025
06:02
Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
Published on: September 13, 2018
6.8K
Viroid Replication, Movement, and the Host Factors Involved
Yuhong Zhang1, Yuxin Nie1, Luyou Wang1
1State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agroproducts, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
Microorganisms
|March 28, 2024
Summary
Viroids are simple RNA molecules that cause plant diseases. This review details their replication, movement, and host factors, highlighting knowledge gaps and potential applications.
Area of Science:
- Plant Pathology
- Molecular Biology
- Virology
Background:
- Viroids are small, circular, single-stranded RNA infectious agents that cause plant diseases.
- Unlike viruses, viroids lack protein-encoding genes and protective protein coats.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current knowledge on viroid replication and movement in Pospiviroidae and Avsunviroidae families.
- To identify structural requirements and host factors involved in viroid trafficking.
- To explore potential host factors and applications of viroids.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of existing research on viroid replication and movement.
- Analysis of structural motifs involved in cell-to-cell trafficking.
- Identification of known and potential host factors mediating viroid movement.
Main Results:
- Viroid replication and movement mechanisms are being elucidated for both major viroid families.
- Specific RNA structural motifs are crucial for viroid trafficking.
- Understanding of host factors governing viroid movement remains incomplete.
Conclusions:
- Viroid replication and cell-to-cell movement involve complex interactions with host factors.
- Further research is needed to fully characterize host factors and their roles.
- Viroids have potential applications and novel viroid-like parasites are emerging.
Related Concept Videos
01:10Retrovirus Life Cycles
45.9K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
45.9K
02:33Retroviruses
12.3K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.3K
00:50What are Viruses?
114.9K
Overview
114.9K
01:10Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria
2.8K
Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
2.8K
00:36Viral Mutations
32.3K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
32.3K
01:30Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages
70.7K
Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
70.7K