Retroperitoneal Chyloma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Retroperitoneal chyloma is a rare entity that presents with non-specific symptoms. Although benign, it can cause complications due to the mass effect. In this case report, we present the case of a 24-year-old woman who presented with a complaint of left-sided colicky abdominal pain and mild dysuria for one year. On physical examination, there was only mild abdominal tenderness. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a thick-walled cystic retroperitoneal mass with a small amount of fat in the superior part and a displaced left hydronephrotic kidney. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed the findings and also revealed a fat-fluid level in the cyst. A laparotomy was performed, and the cystic mass, containing milky fluid, was excised. Histopathology showed a pseudocyst with chronic inflammation and a xanthomatous reaction, with no evidence of infection or malignancy. The patient recovered without complications and has not had a recurrence so far. Retroperitoneal chyloma is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. A definitive diagnosis is usually made only after surgery and a histopathological examination. The treatment of choice is a complete excision. Other approaches, such as marsupialization or drainage, will likely result in a recurrence. However, surgery in the retroperitoneal space is associated with a risk of injury to major vessels or organs. In conclusion, retroperitoneal chyloma is a rare entity that is best treated by complete excision. For small lesions, a wait-and-watch approach may be advisable.