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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Updated: Jun 29, 2025

In Vitro Drug Screening Against All Life Cycle Stages of Trypanosoma cruzi Using Parasites Expressing &#946;-galactosidase
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Chagas disease in immunocompromised patients.

Eva H Clark1,2, Louisa A Messenger3, Jeffrey D Whitman4

  • 1Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|March 28, 2024
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Summary

Chagas disease (Chagas) management in immunocompromised patients is complex. This review details screening, diagnosis, and treatment for Trypanosoma cruzi reactivation, crucial for preventing lethal outcomes in at-risk populations.

Keywords:
Chagas diseaseTrypanosoma cruzibone marrow transplantationhuman immunodeficiency virusimmunocompromised hostsorgan transplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Tropical Medicine

Background:

  • Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a significant public health concern in the Americas.
  • Immunocompromised individuals are at high risk for Trypanosoma cruzi reactivation, which can be fatal.
  • Current evidence-based practices for managing Trypanosoma cruzi reactivation vary based on the type of immunosuppression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current epidemiology, testing, and management strategies for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in immunocompromised populations.
  • To highlight the challenges and specific considerations for managing Chagas disease in immunocompromised hosts.
  • To provide healthcare professionals and researchers with updated recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of available data on Chagas disease epidemiology.
  • Synthesis of information on screening and diagnostic approaches for Trypanosoma cruzi infection.
  • Analysis of treatment and monitoring practices for immunocompromised patients.

Main Results:

  • Immunocompromised patients with Chagas disease face a substantial risk of Trypanosoma cruzi reactivation, irrespective of prior treatment.
  • Management strategies for preventing and treating reactivation differ significantly depending on the underlying cause of immunosuppression.
  • Populations reviewed include individuals with HIV and transplant recipients (solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell).

Conclusions:

  • Effective screening, diagnosis, and monitoring are essential for managing Trypanosoma cruzi infection in immunocompromised patients.
  • Proactive management tailored to the type of immunosuppression is critical to prevent potentially lethal reactivation.
  • Further research and standardized guidelines are needed to optimize care for this vulnerable patient group.