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Related Concept Videos

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

A Proinflammatory, Degenerative Organ Culture Model to Simulate Early-Stage Intervertebral Disc Disease.
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The Relationship Between Inflammatory Processes and Apoptosis in Lumbar Disc Degeneration.

Semih Can Cetintas1, Sibel Akyol2, Orkhan Alizada3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Turkish Ministry of Health, Bitlis State Hospital, Bitlis, Turkey.

World Neurosurgery
|March 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Apoptosis plays a key role in degenerative disc disease (DDD) progression, with specific proteins correlating to Modic changes. Understanding these apoptosis pathways may offer new therapeutic targets for DDD.

Keywords:
ApoptosisDegenerative disc diseaseImmunologyLow back painModic degeneration

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical research
  • Immunology
  • Cellular biology

Background:

  • Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) is prevalent, with emerging links to immunological factors.
  • The specific role of apoptosis in DDD pathophysiology remains under-researched.
  • Modic changes on MRI are common in DDD and may be linked to cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between Modic-type changes in the spine and apoptosis in Degenerative Disc Disease.
  • To identify specific apoptotic pathway proteins associated with different Modic degeneration types.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 90 male patients with lumbar disc herniation and varying Modic changes.
  • Assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathway parameters in excised disc tissue.
  • Utilized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for protein level quantification.

Main Results:

  • Cytochrome-C levels were significantly decreased in Modic type-3 degeneration.
  • Several apoptosis-related proteins, including TNF-R1, DIABLO, and BAX, showed significant differences in Modic type-2 and -3 groups.
  • BH3 interacting domain death agonist and Bcl-2 levels were consistent across all Modic types.

Conclusions:

  • Proteins like DIABLO, cytochrome-c, BAX, BHIK-1, and TNF-R1 are implicated in DDD development and progression.
  • These apoptotic proteins demonstrate correlation with specific Modic degeneration types.
  • Further research into therapeutic inhibition of these apoptotic proteins for DDD is warranted.