Primary Rosai-Dorfman disease of the central nervous system: A clinical, histological, and molecular appraisal

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is characterized by clonal proliferation of S-100 positive histiocytes and variable emperipolesis. It commonly affects cervical lymph nodes. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is extremely rare. We attempted to evaluate the Cyclin D1 expression and frequency of KRAS and BRAF mutations in the RDD involving the CNS. All patients with histopathologically diagnosed RDD involving CNS were recruited from 2011 to 2022. All cases were subjected to immunohistochemistry for CD68, CD163, S100, CD1a, GFAP, CD207, EMA, ALK, BRAFV600E, IgG4, IgG, and CyclinD1. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for hotspot mutation analysis of KRAS (exons 2, 3, and 4) and BRAF (V600E) was conducted on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue using a commercial kit (EntroGen). A total of seven cases were included. The median age was 31 years, with six men and one woman. It showed spinal cord (n = 4) and intracranial (n = 3) involvement. Histologically, all cases showed histiocyte-rich inflammation with evidence of emperipolesis. These histiocytes were positive for S100, CD68, CD163, and Cyclin D1, whereas negative for CD1a, CD207, and EMA. BRAF V600E was expressed in a single case. None of the control cases (demyelination and infarction) with histiocytic infiltrate showed Cyclin D1 expression. Four RDD cases showed increased IgG4-positive plasma cells (>10/HPF) and IgG4/IgG ratio (>40%). BRAF V600E mutation was detected in one case (14.28%), while none showed KRAS mutation. RDD involving CNS is extremely rare and diagnostically challenging. Nuclear Cyclin D1 expression along with S-100 positivity in the tumor cells is a strong diagnostic clue. BRAF and KRAS mutations are rare in CNS RDD.