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Related Concept Videos

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Screening for Functional Non-coding Genetic Variants Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay EMSA and DNA-affinity Precipitation Assay DAPA
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Where does the EU-path on new genomic techniques lead us?

Finja Bohle1, Robin Schneider1, Juliane Mundorf1

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The European Commission

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Biotechnology
  • Regulatory Science
  • Environmental Risk Assessment

Background:

  • The European Commission (EC) proposed new regulations for new genomic techniques (NGTs) plants, diverging from existing GMO legislation (Directive 2001/18/EC).
  • The proposal categorizes NGT plants into NGT1 and NGT2 based on molecular characteristics, impacting current risk assessment and labeling frameworks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the practical implications of the EC's proposed NGT plant categorization criteria.
  • To assess the potential environmental and health impacts of NGT plants under the new regulatory framework.

Main Methods:

  • Literature research and descriptive statistical analysis were employed.
  • The proposed EC categorization criteria were applied to NGT plant applications in the commercialization pipeline.

Main Results:

  • 94% of NGT plant applications would be classified as NGT1, bypassing rigorous risk assessment, monitoring, and labeling.
  • 6% of applications would be NGT2, subject to an adapted risk assessment.
  • Certain NGT1 plants, like those using RNA interference, may pose environmental risks (e.g., invasiveness, non-target effects) similar to existing GMOs.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed EC regulation for NGT plants may lead to reduced oversight for a significant majority of applications.
  • Potential environmental risks associated with NGT1 plants warrant careful consideration despite their proposed streamlined approval.
  • The study provides crucial data for policymakers regarding the environmental, health, and consumer protection implications of the new NGT regulations.