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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Propagation of Homalodisca coagulata virus-01 via Homalodisca vitripennis Cell Culture
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Environment-specific virocell metabolic reprogramming.

Cristina Howard-Varona1, Morgan M Lindback2, Jane D Fudyma3,4

  • 1Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.

The ISME Journal
|March 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viruses alter microbial metabolism under nutrient scarcity. This study reveals how virus-infected cells (virocells) employ distinct strategies to survive and replicate during phosphate limitation.

Keywords:
bacteriaecologymarinemetabolic reprogrammingmulti-omicsnutrient limitationvirocellvirus

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Area of Science:

  • Microbial Ecology
  • Virology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Viruses significantly influence microbial ecosystems by affecting host cells, gene transfer, and nutrient cycling.
  • Virus-infected cells, termed virocells, exhibit altered metabolism as viruses hijack cellular machinery.
  • The metabolic adaptations of virocells under nutrient-limited conditions remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the metabolic reprogramming of virocells under nutrient limitation using a systems biology approach.
  • To understand how low phosphate conditions impact marine bacterial virocells infected by different phages.
  • To identify common and specific metabolic strategies employed by virocells during nutrient stress.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a systems biology approach combining transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics.
  • Assessed the impact of low phosphate conditions on marine Pseudoalteromonas host virocells infected by phages HP1 and HS2.
  • Analyzed both endo- and exo-metabolites to capture a comprehensive metabolic profile.

Main Results:

  • Low phosphate induced common cellular responses, including phosphate stress response activation and reduced organic matter consumption.
  • Infection-specific responses to low phosphate included enhanced nitrogen assimilation and altered lipid metabolism.
  • Virocells exhibited distinct strategies: HS2-virocells increased transcription and ribosomal production, while HP1-virocells accumulated host proteins and broadened resource acquisition.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental conditions impose general metabolic responses on all cells, regardless of viral infection.
  • Virocells develop specific metabolic strategies to support viral replication under nutrient limitation.
  • A framework is established for studying the metabolic strategies of nutrient-limited virocells in natural environments.