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Morphological Innovation Drives Sperm Release in Bryophytes.

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Summary

Plant antheridia use water-triggered elastic instability for sperm ejection. The moss Physcomitrium patens utilizes VNS4-strengthened cell walls to store energy, while the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha employs a similar strategy.

Keywords:
Marchantia polymorphaPhyscomitrium patensantheridium burstcell geometrycell wall mechanicshydrostatic pressuresperm release

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Biomechanics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Plant reproduction relies on effective sperm dispersal mechanisms.
  • The physical processes driving sperm release from antheridia are largely unknown.
  • Physcomitrium patens (P. patens) antheridia eject sperm upon hydration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the biomechanical mechanisms behind sperm ejection in P. patens antheridia.
  • To investigate the role of cell geometry and wall properties in antheridial function.
  • To compare sperm release strategies between P. patens and Marchantia polymorpha.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of antheridial morphology and cell geometry changes.
  • Investigation of turgor pressure and hydrostatic energy storage.
  • Identification of key genes, such as NAC transcription factor VNS4, involved in cell wall strengthening.

Main Results:

  • Antheridial burst in P. patens is driven by elastic instability due to asymmetric cell geometry changes.
  • Turgor pressure and hydration-induced influx contribute to tension in jacket cell walls.
  • VNS4 strengthens outer jacket cell walls, enabling hydrostatic energy storage for sperm discharge.
  • Marchantia polymorpha antheridia exhibit a comparable, yet distinct, energy storage mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • Plant antheridia have evolved diverse, ingenious mechanisms for sperm discharge.
  • Morphomechanical innovations, like VNS4-mediated cell wall strengthening, are crucial for plant reproduction.
  • Comparative studies reveal convergent and divergent evolutionary strategies in plant reproductive structures.