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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

549
The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:17

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...
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Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

Veins of Upper Limbs

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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...
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Arteries of Lower Limbs01:20

Arteries of Lower Limbs

1.4K
The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Procurement and Perfusion-Decellularization of Porcine Vascularized Flaps in a Customized Perfusion Bioreactor
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Thin Profunda Artery Perforator Flap for Hand and Upper Extremity Coverage.

Isaac Smith1, Ramin Shekouhi1, Markos Mardourian1

  • 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.

Hand Clinics
|March 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The profunda artery perforator (PAP) flap is effective for upper extremity reconstruction. Thinning techniques allow for versatile application in hand and limb surgeries, overcoming previous bulk limitations.

Keywords:
Free flapHandPAP flapProfunda artery perforator flap,Soft tissue coverageThin PAP flapUpper extremity

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Microsurgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • The profunda artery perforator (PAP) flap is a reconstructive option for the hand and upper extremity.
  • Its use in extremities lagged behind breast reconstruction due to subcutaneous tissue bulk.
  • Advancements in thin flap techniques are crucial for expanding PAP flap applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the evolution of thin PAP flaps.
  • To present the application of thin and superthin PAP flaps in upper extremity reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of PAP flap literature.
  • Description of surgical techniques for thin and superthin PAP flaps.
  • Case examples of upper extremity reconstruction using these flaps.

Main Results:

  • PAP flaps offer reliable perforators from the posteromedial thigh for long pedicles.
  • Thinning techniques successfully address the bulk issue, enabling versatile use.
  • Thin and superthin PAP flaps are suitable for various upper extremity defects.

Conclusions:

  • Thin and superthin PAP flaps represent an evolution in reconstructive surgery.
  • These techniques enhance the utility of PAP flaps for complex upper extremity reconstruction.
  • PAP flaps, when thinned, are a valuable tool for surgeons.