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Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap
Published on: January 11, 2016
Alternative Flap Options for Upper Extremity Reconstruction
Yanis Berkane1, Riccardo Giorgino2, Zhi Yang Ng3
1Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, CHU Rennes, Rennes University, 16 Boulevard de Bulgarie, 35000 Rennes, France; Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; UMR U1236-MICMAC, Immunology and Cell Therapy Lab, Rennes University Hospital, 2 Rue Henri Le Guillou, 35000 Rennes, France.
Abstract:
For major upper limb defects, a wide range of established pedicled and free flap options can be used. These include the latissimus dorsi/thoracodorsal artery perforator, lateral arm, posterior interosseous artery, rectus abdominis, gracilis, and anterolateral thigh flaps. Technical proficiency is essential, and favorable success rates in terms of functional and esthetic outcomes can be achieved. Herein, alternative flap options (both pedicled and free) are introduced and discussed through a few illustrative case examples.
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