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Related Concept Videos

Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
Spanning Openings in Brick Walls01:20

Spanning Openings in Brick Walls

In brick wall construction, supporting structures are crucial for openings like windows and doors to maintain the integrity and support the weight of the wall above. These supports include lintels, corbels, and arches, each serving specific structural purposes.
Lintels are primary supports used to span openings and can be crafted from materials such as reinforced concrete, steel-reinforced brick masonry, or simple steel angles. These are straightforward to install and are typically concealed...
Reinforced Brick Masonry01:15

Reinforced Brick Masonry

Reinforced brick masonry is an advanced construction technique that enhances the structural integrity of brick walls by incorporating steel reinforcements. These reinforcements are either placed within the hollow cores of bricks or sandwiched between two layers of masonry, known as wythes, and are then secured in place with grout. Grout is a fluid mixture composed of Portland cement, aggregate, and water, providing the necessary bonding agent for the steel and brick.
To fortify brick walls...
Design Example: Joints in Concrete Pavements01:28

Design Example: Joints in Concrete Pavements

Concrete pavement joints are essential for maintaining the structural integrity and longevity of pavement by controlling where and how the pavement cracks. These joints can be categorized based on their functions, such as contraction or control joints, construction joints, isolation joints, and expansion joints.
Contraction joints are typically formed by sawing a groove into the concrete shortly after it has hardened. This creates a weakened vertical plane, deliberately encouraging cracking at...
Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...

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Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap
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Alternative Flap Options for Upper Extremity Reconstruction.

Yanis Berkane1, Riccardo Giorgino2, Zhi Yang Ng3

  • 1Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, CHU Rennes, Rennes University, 16 Boulevard de Bulgarie, 35000 Rennes, France; Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; UMR U1236-MICMAC, Immunology and Cell Therapy Lab, Rennes University Hospital, 2 Rue Henri Le Guillou, 35000 Rennes, France.

Hand Clinics
|March 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Established pedicled and free flaps offer effective solutions for major upper limb defects, achieving good functional and aesthetic outcomes. This study explores alternative flap options with case examples.

Keywords:
DIEP flapFlap reconstructionMicrosurgical reconstructionSCIP flapUpper extremity

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Area of Science:

  • Reconstructive surgery
  • Microsurgery
  • Orthopedic surgery

Background:

  • Major upper limb defects present significant reconstructive challenges.
  • Numerous pedicled and free flap techniques are established for limb reconstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and discuss alternative pedicled and free flap options for major upper limb defects.
  • To illustrate the application and outcomes of these alternative flaps through case examples.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established pedicled and free flap options (latissimus dorsi/thoracodorsal artery perforator, lateral arm, posterior interosseous artery, rectus abdominis, gracilis, anterolateral thigh).
  • Presentation and discussion of alternative flap techniques via illustrative case studies.

Main Results:

  • Established flaps demonstrate favorable success rates for functional and aesthetic restoration.
  • Alternative flap options provide viable solutions for complex upper limb reconstructions.

Conclusions:

  • Technical proficiency is key to successful outcomes in upper limb flap surgery.
  • A diverse range of pedicled and free flaps, including alternative options, can effectively address major upper limb defects.