Review: 3D cell models for organ-on-a-chip applications.

Area of Science:

• Bioanalytical Science
• Biomedical Engineering
• Cell Biology

Background:

• Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures lack the physiological complexity of human organs, limiting their predictive power for therapeutic effectiveness.
• Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, particularly organ-on-a-chip systems, are emerging as superior alternatives, better mimicking in vivo conditions.
• These advanced models provide more reliable data than standard preclinical models for various research applications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and characterize various 3D cell culture models utilized within microfluidic organ-on-a-chip systems.
• To present the methodologies for constructing these 3D cultures in microfluidic devices.
• To discuss current and future applications of 3D cell-on-a-chip technology in biomedical research.

Main Methods:

• Characterization of 3D models including spheroids/aggregates, hydrogel cultures, multilayers, organoids, and biomaterial-based cultures.
• Detailed examination of formation techniques for diverse 3D cultures within organ-on-a-chip platforms.
• Review of existing organ-on-a-chip system designs and examples.

Main Results:

• Organ-on-a-chip systems enable the creation of diverse 3D cellular models that recapitulate organ physiology.
• These systems facilitate the study of tissue/organ responses to biophysical/biochemical stimuli, disease mechanisms, and drug efficacy.
• The review covers various 3D culture types and their integration into microfluidic devices.

Conclusions:

• 3D cell-on-a-chip systems represent a significant advancement over traditional 2D cultures for in vitro modeling.
• These platforms offer enhanced physiological relevance for drug screening, disease mechanism studies, and understanding inter-organ interactions.
• Future perspectives indicate a growing role for organ-on-a-chip technology in preclinical research and personalized medicine.