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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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ThyroSeq overview on indeterminate thyroid nodules: An institutional experience.

Sam Sirotnikov1, Christopher C Griffith2, Daniel Lubin1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Diagnostic Cytopathology
|March 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

ThyroSeq v3 accurately assesses the risk of malignancy in indeterminate thyroid nodules. This molecular testing helps guide surgical decisions, improving patient management for thyroid cancer.

Keywords:
ThyroSeqindeterminate thyroid nodulemutationrisk of malignancysurgical diagnosis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Indeterminate thyroid nodules require accurate risk stratification to guide management.
  • Molecular testing offers improved accuracy in assessing the risk of malignancy (ROM).
  • ThyroSeq v3 is a molecular test used for thyroid nodule evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the performance of ThyroSeq v3 in indeterminate thyroid nodules.
  • To assess the risk of malignancy (ROM) based on genetic alterations detected by ThyroSeq v3.
  • To correlate molecular findings with surgical diagnoses.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 276 indeterminate thyroid fine needle aspiration samples using ThyroSeq v3.
  • Correlation of genetic alterations with surgical outcomes and diagnoses.
  • Review of surgical diagnoses for cancer and noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasia with papillary-like features (NIFTP).

Main Results:

  • 42% of tested nodules had detectable genetic alterations.
  • Intermediate to high-risk mutations were associated with a 77.5% ROM (including NIFTP).
  • RAS-like alterations showed a 73.4% ROM, while BRAFV600E/high-risk mutations had a 100% ROM.

Conclusions:

  • ThyroSeq v3 effectively stratifies ROM in indeterminate thyroid nodules.
  • Genetic alterations identified by ThyroSeq v3 guide surgical management decisions.
  • The test demonstrated promising predictive accuracy with a PPV of 78.2% and NPV of 75.9%.