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Related Concept Videos

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological...
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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain
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Create your own path: social cerebellum in sequence-based self-guided navigation.

Meijia Li1, Naem Haihambo1, Tom Bylemans1

  • 1Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium.

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
|March 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Observing others’ full movement paths (Other Sequencing) engaged brain areas for mentalizing more than planning your own goals (Self Sequencing). Self-guided planning activated different cerebellar regions than reproducing others’ trajectories.

Keywords:
goal-directed behaviormentalizingposterior cerebellumsequence-based navigationsocial navigation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Social Cognition

Background:

  • Spatial trajectory planning and execution are crucial for social navigation.
  • Understanding the neural basis of observing and producing trajectories, especially in social contexts, is important.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the observation and production of spatial trajectories.
  • To compare brain activity during self-planned trajectories versus reproducing others' trajectories.

Main Methods:

  • Participants engaged in goal-directed tasks involving either self-planning trajectories (Self Sequencing) or observing and reproducing others' trajectories (Other Sequencing).
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity during these tasks.
  • Control conditions included non-social objects and non-sequential trajectories.

Main Results:

  • Observing others' full trajectories (Other Sequencing) activated cerebellar (Crus 2, 1) and cortical mentalizing areas (precuneus, mPFC, TPJ) more than observing goals for Self Sequencing.
  • Producing one's own trajectory (Self Sequencing) activated cerebellar Crus 1 more than reproducing others' trajectories.
  • Self-guided planning (Self Sequencing) activated cerebellar lobules IV and VIII more than Other Sequencing.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct neural mechanisms underlie the observation and production of spatial trajectories in social contexts.
  • Cerebellar and prefrontal cortical regions are differentially involved in self-guided versus other-guided trajectory planning and execution.
  • Findings offer insights into the neural basis of social navigation and action observation/production.