DNA Framework-Engineered Assembly of Cyanine Dyes for Structural Identification of Nucleic Acids

DNA nanostructures serve as precise templates for organizing organic dyes, enabling the creation of programmable artificial photonic systems with efficient light-harvesting and energy transfer capabilities. However, regulating the organization of organic dyes on DNA frameworks remains a great challenge. In this study, we investigated the factors influencing the self-assembly behavior of cyanine dye K21 on DNA frameworks. We observed that K21 exhibited diverse assembly modes, including monomers, H-aggregates, J-aggregates, and excimers, when combined with DNA frameworks. By manipulating conditions such as the ion concentration, dye concentration, and structure of DNA frameworks, we successfully achieved precise control over the assembly modes of K21. Leveraging K21's microenvironment-sensitive fluorescence properties on DNA nanostructures, we successfully discriminated between the chirality and topology structures of physiologically relevant G-quadruplexes. This study provides valuable insights into the factors influencing the dynamic assembly behavior of organic dyes on DNA framework nanostructures, offering new perspectives for constructing functional supramolecular aggregates and identifying DNA secondary structures.