Cardiac rehabilitation - The answer for the second chance

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Women's Health
• Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality in females globally.
• Females exhibit higher mortality rates post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to males.
• Despite known benefits, female participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and clinical trials remains suboptimal.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate barriers hindering female enrollment in cardiac rehabilitation (CR).
• To explore sex-based physiological differences impacting CVD and CR.
• To identify limitations in clinical trials and propose strategies for increased female participation.

Main Methods:

• Literature review on sex differences in CVD and CR.
• Analysis of current barriers to CR referral and participation for females.
• Exploration of under-representation of females in cardiovascular disease (CVD) trials.

Main Results:

• Delayed initiation of care and under-recognition of atypical angina symptoms in females contribute to poor outcomes.
• Females are under-referred to CR programs and under-represented in clinical trials.
• Fundamental physiological differences between sexes are not adequately addressed in current CR and research protocols.

Conclusions:

• Addressing barriers to CR for females is crucial for improving cardiovascular health outcomes.
• Increased awareness, tailored approaches, and inclusive trial designs are needed to enhance female participation in CR and research.
• Future strategies should focus on overcoming sex-specific challenges in CVD management and rehabilitation.