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Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

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The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Clinical Protocol of Producing Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction for Potential Cartilage Regeneration
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Discoid Double-layered Lateral Meniscus: A Case Report.

Ethem Burak Oklaz1, Ibrahim Kaya2, Murat Ciceklidag3

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.

Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports
|April 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study describes a rare double-layered meniscus abnormality, specifically an accessory meniscus overlying the normal lateral meniscus. Surgical excision of the accessory meniscus resolved knee locking and pain in a pediatric patient.

Keywords:
Double-layered meniscusdiscoid meniscusknee arthroscopylateral meniscus abnormalities

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Human Anatomy

Background:

  • Double-layered meniscus abnormalities are rare and challenging to diagnose.
  • The primary pathology involves an accessory meniscus situated over the normal meniscus, often in the lateral compartment.

Observation:

  • A 12-year-old female presented with knee locking and pain.
  • Arthroscopic examination revealed an accessory incomplete discoid meniscus overlying the normal lateral meniscus.

Findings:

  • Surgical excision of the accessory meniscus was performed.
  • The patient experienced no issues during a 3-year follow-up period.

Implications:

  • This case highlights a previously undescribed type of double-layered meniscus.
  • Arthroscopic evaluation is crucial for diagnosing meniscal abnormalities, including potential double-layered structures.