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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Live-cell Measurement of Odorant Receptor Activation Using a Real-time cAMP Assay
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Epigenetic programming of stochastic olfactory receptor choice.

Nusrath Yusuf1, Kevin Monahan1

  • 1Division of Life Sciences-Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.

Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)
|April 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The sense of smell uses epigenetic processes to ensure olfactory sensory neurons express a single odorant receptor. This review explores gene regulation in neuronal progenitors for this crucial olfactory receptor singular expression.

Keywords:
chemosensory neuronschromatingene expressionheterochromatinolfactionolfactory receptorsvomeronasal organ

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Olfactory receptor research

Background:

  • Mammalian olfaction depends on numerous odorant receptors.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms regulate olfactory gene expression in developing neurons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain how gene regulatory processes in olfactory sensory neuron progenitors establish singular odorant receptor expression.
  • To review the epigenetic control of olfactory receptor gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of gene regulatory mechanisms.
  • Analysis of epigenetic processes in neuronal differentiation.
  • Description of olfactory receptor gene expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory receptor gene expression is precisely controlled during neuronal development.
  • Epigenetic remodeling of olfactory genes is critical for neuronal progenitor differentiation.
  • Multiple gene regulatory mechanisms contribute to singular receptor expression.

Conclusions:

  • Gene regulation in neuronal progenitors is central to achieving single odorant receptor expression.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to olfactory system development.
  • Further research is needed on the interplay of these regulatory mechanisms.