Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

160
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
160
Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

89
Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
89
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

206
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
206
Storage01:23

Storage

84
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
84
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

758
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
758
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

137
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
137

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Impacted and preserved sub-domains of cognitive control in schizophrenia.

Neuropsychologia·2026
Same author

Evaluating the effects of regularization and cross-validation parameters on the performance of SVM-based decoding of EEG data.

Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior·2026
Same author

A population vector model of visual working memory for real-world scenes.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2026
Same author

Prior Trial Effects on Working Memory in Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Healthy Control Individuals.

JAMA psychiatry·2026
Same author

Increased Reporting of Speech in Degraded Stimuli in Schizophrenia: A Case Control Study with Sine-Wave-Speech.

Schizophrenia bulletin·2026
Same author

Evaluating the effects of regularization and cross-validation parameters on the performance of SVM-based decoding of EEG data.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Genetic Impacts on Variability of Body Fat Distribution Uncover Gene-Environment and Gene-Gene Interactions.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

16S ribosomal RNA modification drives transcript-specific translation efficiency.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

FlcE latches onto the FliL-stator complex to turbocharge flagellar motility in <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Synaptic pruning, myelination and the emergence of psychiatric disorders in late adolescence.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Structural and functional insights into the Rcs phosphorelay.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

The structural basis of RanGAP1 regulation and catalysis in nuclear transport.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

13.6K

Enhanced Working Memory Representations for Rare Events.

Carlos Daniel Carrasco1, Aaron Matthew Simmons1, John E Kiat1

  • 1Center for Mind & Brain, University of California, Davis.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|April 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rare oddball events enhance working memory performance compared to frequent standard events. This is supported by larger brain responses and improved memory recall for rare stimuli.

Keywords:
DecodingERPOddballsP300Working Memory

More Related Videos

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
15:57

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Published on: May 4, 2011

16.5K
A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

13.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

13.6K
Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
15:57

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Published on: May 4, 2011

16.5K
A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

13.6K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Electrophysiology
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Rare stimuli (oddballs) elicit stronger physiological responses than frequent stimuli (standards).
  • The P3b event-related potential (ERP) component is linked to working memory.
  • Enhanced P3b suggests improved working memory for rare stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if working memory representations are enhanced for rare oddball stimuli.
  • To examine the relationship between P3b amplitude and working memory accuracy for rare and frequent events.

Main Methods:

  • A modified oddball paradigm with 16 target locations divided into rare and frequent sets.
  • Participants performed binary responses and occasional location recall probes.
  • Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) applied to ERP data to decode remembered locations.

Main Results:

  • Significantly larger P3b amplitudes for rare oddball stimuli.
  • Higher accuracy in reporting locations for rare stimuli.
  • Decoding accuracy of remembered locations was greater for rare than frequent stimuli.
  • Correlation found between individual P3b amplitudes and memory accuracy for rare trials.

Conclusions:

  • Both frequent and rare events are processed and stored in working memory.
  • Working memory performance, including accuracy and neural representation, is demonstrably enhanced for rare oddball events.
  • Findings support the role of the P3b in mediating enhanced working memory for salient, infrequent stimuli.