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Related Concept Videos

The Scientific Method01:32

The Scientific Method

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The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves formulating a question based on observation, developing a testable potential explanation for the observation (called a hypothesis), making and testing predictions based on the hypothesis, and using the findings to create new hypotheses and predictions.
Generally, predictions are tested using carefully-designed experiments. Based on the outcome of these...
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Psychology as a Science01:13

Psychology as a Science

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Psychology, as a scientific discipline, aims to understand the mind and behavior through rigorous and systematic methods. The foundation of psychological research is evidence-based, relying heavily on the scientific method to derive and validate knowledge. This structured approach ensures that findings are reliable, valid, and applicable to broader contexts.
The scientific method in psychology involves six critical steps: making observations, formulating hypotheses, conducting tests, analyzing...
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Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision03:37

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. 
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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
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The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

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In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
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Studying Dynamic Processes of Nano-sized Objects in Liquid using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
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Studying Dynamic Processes of Nano-sized Objects in Liquid using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

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Fragile science.

Arturo Casadevall1, Ferric C Fang2

  • 1Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

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Science faces serious external and internal threats, including attacks, underfunding, and low-quality research. Scientists must defend science to address global challenges like climate change and pandemics.

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Area of Science:

  • Science, Research Integrity, Global Challenges

Background:

  • Science is under siege from external forces like anti-science campaigns and politicization.
  • Internal issues plague science, including a rise in retractions and reproducibility concerns.

Discussion:

  • These threats emerge as humanity confronts critical existential challenges requiring scientific innovation.
  • Historical precedents demonstrate science's vulnerability to authoritarian and ideological pressures.

Key Insights:

  • A proliferation of low-quality studies and an epidemic of retractions undermine scientific credibility.
  • Persistent anti-science attacks and chronic underfunding pose significant external threats to scientific progress.

Outlook:

  • Urgent action is needed for scientists to actively defend the integrity and practice of science.
  • Defending science is crucial for developing solutions to global crises such as climate change and pandemics.