Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Metacognition01:26

Metacognition

152
Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
152
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

239
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
239
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

170
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
170
Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

34
The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
34
Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

1.4K
Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process...
1.4K
Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Algorithms for Numerical Problem Solving01:29

Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Algorithms for Numerical Problem Solving

53
Mechanistic models play a crucial role in algorithms for numerical problem-solving, particularly in nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NMEM). These models aim to minimize specific objective functions by evaluating various parameter estimates, leading to the development of systematic algorithms. In some cases, linearization techniques approximate the model using linear equations.
In individual population analyses, different algorithms are employed, such as Cauchy's method, which uses a...
53

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Computational assessment of memory function in kidney transplant recipients and donors.

Communications medicine·2026
Same author

Remembering and forgetting: A dynamic social retrieval theory of posttraumatic stress.

Behaviour research and therapy·2025
Same author

Default mode network connectivity predicts individual differences in long-term forgetting: Evidence for storage degradation, not retrieval failure.

PLoS computational biology·2025
Same author

Computer programmers show distinct, expertise-dependent brain responses to violations in form and meaning when reading code.

Scientific reports·2024
Same author

Allocating Mental Effort in Cognitive Tasks: A Model of Motivation in the ACT-R Cognitive Architecture.

Topics in cognitive science·2023
Same author

Investigating local and global control mechanisms in bilingual grammatical processing.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2023
Same journal

An Introduction to Rational Constructivism in Cognitive Development.

Topics in cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Fungal Memory and Minimal Cognition.

Topics in cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Limits to Language Prediction: Findings From Diverse Populations.

Topics in cognitive science·2026
Same journal

There Is More Than Meets the Eye: The Dual Role of Perception in Shaping Color Lexicons.

Topics in cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Inference and Imagination.

Topics in cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Gesture Use Across Different Concepts: Focusing on Cross-Linguistic Diversity.

Topics in cognitive science·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

8.4K

One Size Does Not Fit All: Idiographic Computational Models Reveal Individual Differences in Learning and

Theodros M Haile1, Chantel S Prat1, Andrea Stocco1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Washington Seattle.

Topics in Cognitive Science
|April 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individual differences in complex skill learning reveal that long-term declarative memory is the preferred strategy. Reinforcement learning and working memory also contribute, with distinct individual learning mechanisms observed.

Keywords:
ACT‐RDeclarative memoryIndividual differencesLearningReinforcement learningWorking memory

More Related Videos

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

7.5K
Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes
10:43

Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes

Published on: June 10, 2021

5.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

8.4K
Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

7.5K
Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes
10:43

Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes

Published on: June 10, 2021

5.3K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Modeling

Background:

  • Complex skill acquisition involves interacting systems: working memory (WM), declarative long-term memory (LTM), and reinforcement learning (RL).
  • Understanding individual variability in the deployment of these learning systems is crucial for explaining differences in skill learning.
  • Previous research highlights the interplay between these memory and learning systems, but individual differences remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate individual differences in the relative contributions of WM, LTM, and RL during complex skill learning.
  • To model and identify distinct learning strategies employed by individuals on a stimulus-response task.
  • To determine the preferred learning mechanism (LTM vs. RL) across different task parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Development of four idiographic ACT-R models to capture individual performance on a stimulus-response learning task.
  • The task involved feedback-based learning blocks (short 3-image, long 6-image) followed by a no-feedback test phase with an interfering task.
  • Models included single-mechanism LTM and RL, and integrated RL-LTM models with varying selection strategies (meta-learning and fixed proportions).

Main Results:

  • Individual learning characteristics were best explained by different models, indicating fundamental differences in learning mechanisms.
  • The LTM-only model best fit a significant majority of participants (68.7%), suggesting LTM is a dominant learning strategy for this task.
  • Integrated models also showed a preference for LTM over RL, irrespective of learning block length.

Conclusions:

  • Significant individual differences exist in the deployment of cognitive systems for complex skill learning.
  • Long-term declarative memory appears to be the predominant learning strategy for the tested stimulus-response task.
  • The idiographic modeling approach effectively revealed distinct learning preferences among individuals, highlighting the importance of personalized learning mechanisms.