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What is Glycolysis?00:56

What is Glycolysis?

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Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
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Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
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Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
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Hypoxia-inducible factor-driven glycolytic adaptations in host-microbe interactions.

Emily DeMichele1,2, Andre G Buret2, Cormac T Taylor3

  • 1School of Medicine and Systems Biology Ireland, The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.

Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology
|April 3, 2024
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Cellular responses to low oxygen (hypoxia) involve increased glycolysis, impacting bacterial infections. Understanding these metabolic shifts and bacterial modulation of host glucose metabolism can reveal novel antimicrobial targets.

Keywords:
BacteriaGlucoseGlycolysisHypoxiaInfection

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular metabolism
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Mammalian cells rely on glucose for energy, maintaining bioenergetic homeostasis.
  • Environmental changes, like hypoxia due to infection, disrupt cellular energy production.
  • Hypoxia triggers cellular responses, notably increased glycolysis, to compensate for reduced aerobic respiration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review host cell metabolic adaptations to hypoxia and their impact on bacterial infections.
  • To explore the role of glycolytic substrate channeling and enzymatic organization under hypoxia.
  • To discuss the influence of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in host-pathogen interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on cellular metabolism, hypoxia, and host-pathogen interactions.
  • Analysis of how hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) regulates cellular responses.
  • Examination of bacterial strategies to manipulate host glucose metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia significantly enhances cellular glycolysis as a survival mechanism.
  • Glycolytic substrate channeling and enzyme organization are crucial under hypoxic conditions.
  • Bacteria, both intracellular and extracellular, can exploit host metabolic changes.

Conclusions:

  • Host cell metabolic reprogramming during hypoxia plays a critical role in infection dynamics.
  • Understanding these metabolic adaptations and bacterial manipulation offers potential for new antimicrobial strategies.
  • Targeting host-pathogen metabolic crosstalk presents a promising avenue for therapeutic development.