Deep Learning for Automated Measurement of Total Cardiac Volume for Heart Transplantation Size Matching

Total Cardiac Volume (TCV)-based size matching using Computed Tomography (CT) is a novel technique to compare donor and recipient heart size in pediatric heart transplant that may increase overall utilization of available grafts. TCV requires manual segmentation, which limits its widespread use due to time and specialized software and training needed for segmentation. This study aims to determine the accuracy of a Deep Learning (DL) approach using 3-dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks (3D-CNN) to calculate TCV, with the clinical aim of enabling fast and accurate TCV use at all transplant centers. Ground truth TCV was segmented on CT scans of subjects aged 0-30 years, identified retrospectively. Ground truth segmentation masks were used to train and test a custom 3D-CNN model consisting of a DenseNet architecture in combination with residual blocks of ResNet architecture. The model was trained on a cohort of 270 subjects and a validation cohort of 44 subjects (36 normal, 8 heart disease retained for model testing). The average Dice similarity coefficient of the validation cohort was 0.94 ± 0.03 (range 0.84-0.97). The mean absolute percent error of TCV estimation was 5.5%. There is no significant association between model accuracy and subject age, weight, or height. DL-TCV was on average more accurate for normal hearts than those listed for transplant (mean absolute percent error 4.5 ± 3.9 vs. 10.5 ± 8.5, p = 0.08). A deep learning-based 3D-CNN model can provide accurate automatic measurement of TCV from CT images. This initial study is limited as a single-center study, though future multicenter studies may enable generalizable and more accurate TCV measurement by inclusion of more diverse cardiac pathology and increasing the training data.