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Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis in a child with pulmonary tuberculosis

Jasmine Singh1, Pallavi Sharma1, Shivani Randev1

  • 1Departments of Pediatrics and Radiodiagnosis, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India.

Paediatrics and International Child Health
|April 4, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Tuberculosis can cause rare neurological issues like acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in children. Early diagnosis and treatment with corticosteroids alongside anti-tuberculosis therapy led to complete recovery.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global cause of child mortality.
  • Diagnosing TB in children is challenging due to non-specific symptoms.
  • Neurological TB, including meningitis and tuberculoma, affects about 1% of patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case of a rare immunological manifestation of tuberculosis in a child.
  • To highlight the importance of recognizing uncommon TB presentations for timely intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of an 11-year-old girl diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).
  • Diagnostic workup included clinical evaluation and neuroimaging (MRI).
  • Treatment involved anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) and high-dose systemic corticosteroids.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with symptoms mimicking ADEM, a rare immunological manifestation of TB.
  • Complete recovery was achieved following a combined treatment regimen.
  • This case underscores the diverse neurological presentations of TB.

Conclusions:

  • Uncommon neurological manifestations of tuberculosis, such as ADEM, require prompt recognition.
  • Integrated treatment of corticosteroids and ATT is effective for managing such cases.
  • Understanding rare TB presentations is crucial for improving pediatric outcomes globally.

Keywords:
ADEMLeuco-encephalopathyneurotuberculosistuberculosistuberculous encephalopathy

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