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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Integration of Wet and Dry Bench Processes Optimizes Targeted Next-generation Sequencing of Low-quality and Low-quantity Tumor Biopsies

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Published on: April 11, 2016

Precision Endpoints for Contemporary Precision Oncology Trials.

Regina Hoo^1,2,3, Kevin L M Chua^4,5, Pankaj Kumar Panda⁶

¹Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.

Cancer Discovery

|April 4, 2024

Summary

Traditional clinical trial endpoints miss key treatment effects. Mechanism-driven biomarkers and surrogate endpoints offer better insights into anti-tumor activity for precision therapies.

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Pharmacology
Biomarker Research

Background:

Traditional clinical trial endpoints like progression-free survival and overall survival are insufficient for evaluating novel therapeutic interventions.
These standard metrics do not fully capture the complex pharmacologic and pharmacodynamic actions of treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the limitations of current aggregated clinical trial data for precision therapy decisions.
To advocate for the integration of mechanism-driven biomarkers and surrogate endpoints.

Main Methods:

Review of existing clinical trial methodologies and endpoint limitations.
Conceptual framework for incorporating orthogonal readouts.

Main Results:

Traditional endpoints fail to capture the full spectrum of treatment effects.
Mechanism-driven biomarkers and surrogate endpoints provide valuable, individualized anti-tumor activity data.
Relying solely on aggregated trial data hinders effective go/no-go decisions for precision therapies.

Conclusions:

There is a critical need to move beyond traditional endpoints in clinical trials.
Integrating mechanism-driven biomarkers and validated surrogate endpoints is essential for precise therapeutic evaluation.
Individual-level data from these novel endpoints can improve decision-making for precision medicine.