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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Interference and Decay01:16

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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
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Working memory training improves episodic memory in older people: transfer based on controlled retrieval processes.

Patricia Zamarreño1, Pedro M Mateos1, Alberto Valentín1

  • 1Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.

Frontiers in Psychology
|April 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Working memory training can improve episodic memory in older adults, but only when the memory test uses similar cognitive processes. This suggests targeted training can enhance specific memory functions in aging populations.

Keywords:
cognitive trainingepisodic memoryolder adultsrecollectionworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience of Aging
  • Human Memory

Background:

  • Working memory (WM) training effectiveness for improving episodic memory in older adults is inconsistent.
  • This inconsistency may stem from a mismatch in cognitive resources between WM training tasks and episodic memory tests.
  • Episodic memory relies on controlled retrieval processes, such as recollection, which may be amenable to WM training.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if episodic memory performance improves following WM training when the memory test specifically engages controlled retrieval processes.
  • To determine if training on complex span tasks enhances performance on episodic memory tests requiring recollection.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty-five older adults (60+ years) were recruited, with 27 in the experimental group (EG) and 28 in the control group (CG).
  • The EG underwent training on complex span tasks, while the CG did not receive specific training.
  • Both groups were assessed on verbal and visuospatial episodic memory recognition tests, and WM span tasks before and after the intervention period.

Main Results:

  • Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significantly greater improvement in recollection estimates for the EG compared to the CG.
  • This improvement was observed in both the verbal recognition (p=0.023) and visuospatial recognition (p=0.014) tests.
  • The results indicate a transfer of training effects when shared cognitive resources are involved.

Conclusions:

  • WM training, specifically on complex span tasks, can enhance episodic memory performance in older adults.
  • This enhancement is contingent upon the episodic memory test requiring controlled search and retrieval processes (recollection).
  • Identifying shared cognitive resources is crucial for designing effective cognitive interventions for aging populations.