Cranial involvement in giant cell arteritis

Area of Science:

• Rheumatology
• Vascular Medicine
• Internal Medicine

Background:

• Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a vasculitis affecting large arteries, primarily the aorta and its branches.
• Historically diagnosed based on cranial artery involvement, GCA is now recognized to frequently impact extracranial large vessels.
• Advances in understanding GCA pathophysiology have spurred the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current understanding of giant cell arteritis, focusing on cranial manifestations.
• To outline the contemporary clinical approach to diagnosing and managing GCA.
• To explore emerging research and future directions in GCA patient care.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent advancements in GCA research.
• Analysis of updated classification criteria and management recommendations.
• Synthesis of basic, translational, and clinical research findings.

Main Results:

• Significant progress in GCA diagnosis and patient management since 1890.
• Recognition of widespread large vessel involvement in GCA beyond cranial arteries.
• Development of new therapeutic agents aiming to minimize glucocorticoid dependence and prevent disease flares.

Conclusions:

• GCA is a complex vasculitis with significant large vessel implications.
• Updated guidelines and novel therapies are transforming GCA management.
• Ongoing research promises further improvements in GCA treatment and patient outcomes.