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Sperm Structure and Semen Composition01:22

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition

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During ejaculation, males release around 2-5 milliliters of semen, which is a complex mixture of mature sperm and various fluids produced by accessory glands. The mature sperm cells measure approximately 60 micrometers in length and consist of a head, neck, midpiece, and tail. The head is flattened and tapered, measuring about 4 to 5 micrometers in length. It contains a nucleus with condensed chromosomes and an acrosome, a cap-like structure filled with enzymes essential for penetrating the...
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The journey of sperm from its origin to the point of ejaculation begins within the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Here, Sertoli cells produce fluid that propels non-motile sperm through a series of conduits, starting with the straight tubules leading to the rete testis. This interconnected network of tubules acts as the initial pathway for sperm, guiding them into the efferent ductules and then into the epididymis for maturation.
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Sexual stimulation can take various forms, such as physical touch and visual or auditory cues. When this happens, the parasympathetic reflex in the sacral portion of the spinal cord is activated. This reflex stimulates the release of nitric oxide (NO), which then dilates the arterioles in the penis, increasing blood flow to the erectile tissues - the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.
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The accessory ducts involved in sperm maturation and transportation include the epididymides, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra. These ducts play a critical role in the maturation, storage, and transportation of sperm from the testes to the urethra, where it is then released during ejaculation.
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Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects
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The correlation between human seminal plasma sialoproteins and ejaculate parameters.

Veronika Palenikova1, Hana Pavlova2, Daniel Kraus3

  • 1Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|April 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Sialylation of seminal plasma glycoproteins is linked to ejaculate quality and sperm health. Altered sialylation may indicate pathological conditions, suggesting its diagnostic potential for reproductive health.

Keywords:
Anti-sperm antibodiesApoptosisEjaculate qualityGlycoproteinHuman

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Glycobiology

Background:

  • Sialic acids are crucial negatively charged carbohydrates in glycoproteins.
  • Sialylated glycoproteins play vital roles in reproduction, impacting spermatogenesis, sperm motility, immunity, and fertilization.
  • Alterations in glycoprotein sialylation can negatively affect ejaculate quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in sialylation degree in ejaculates with normal versus pathological spermiograms.
  • To identify seminal plasma sialoproteins and their association with ejaculate quality parameters.
  • To explore the diagnostic potential of glycoprotein sialylation in reproductive health.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Sambucus nigra (SNA) and Maackia amurensis (MAL II/MAA) lectins to detect α-2,6 and α-2,3 sialic acid linkages.
  • Employed mass spectrometry to identify specific seminal plasma sialoproteins.
  • Correlated sialylation patterns with ejaculate quality, anti-sperm antibodies, and apoptotic spermatozoa.

Main Results:

  • A significant correlation was observed between seminal plasma sialoproteins and ejaculate quality.
  • Identified key seminal plasma sialoproteins including semenogelins, glycodelin, prolactin-inducible protein, lactotransferrin, and clusterin.
  • Found associations between sialylation patterns, anti-sperm antibodies, apoptotic spermatozoa, and overall ejaculate quality.

Conclusions:

  • The degree of seminal plasma glycoprotein sialylation is closely related to the presence of pathological conditions in spermatozoa and reproductive organs.
  • Sialylation patterns of seminal plasma glycoproteins serve as a potential indicator of ejaculate quality.
  • Glycoprotein sialylation analysis may offer a valuable diagnostic tool for assessing male reproductive health.