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Adenine-induced animal model of chronic kidney disease: current applications and future perspectives
Qiao Yang1, Songya Su1, Nan Luo1
1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
Abstract:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with high morbidity and mortality all over the world is characterized by decreased kidney function, a condition which can result from numerous risk factors, including diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of CKD, there are still no treatments that can effectively combat CKD, which underscores the urgent need for further study into the pathological mechanisms underlying this condition. In this regard, animal models of CKD are indispensable. This article reviews a widely used animal model of CKD, which is induced by adenine. While a physiologic dose of adenine is beneficial in terms of biological activity, a high dose of adenine is known to induce renal disease in the organism. Following a brief description of the procedure for disease induction by adenine, major mechanisms of adenine-induced CKD are then reviewed, including inflammation, oxidative stress, programmed cell death, metabolic disorders, and fibrillation. Finally, the application and future perspective of this adenine-induced CKD model as a platform for testing the efficacy of a variety of therapeutic approaches is also discussed. Given the simplicity and reproducibility of this animal model, it remains a valuable tool for studying the pathological mechanisms of CKD and identifying therapeutic targets to fight CKD.
Insights
Adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) models offer a reproducible method to study kidney disease mechanisms. This research reviews adenine
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Pathology
- Animal Models
Background:
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects millions globally, characterized by declining kidney function.
- Diabetes, hypertension, and obesity are major risk factors for CKD.
- Current treatments for CKD are limited, necessitating research into underlying pathological mechanisms.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the adenine-induced animal model for studying chronic kidney disease.
- To discuss the mechanisms of adenine-induced CKD, including inflammation and oxidative stress.
- To explore the utility of this model for evaluating therapeutic strategies.
Main Methods:
- Induction of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in animal models using a high dose of adenine.
- Review of key pathological mechanisms involved in adenine-induced renal disease.
- Analysis of the adenine-induced CKD model's application in therapeutic testing.
Main Results:
- High-dose adenine reliably induces renal disease in animal models.
- Adenine-induced CKD involves inflammation, oxidative stress, cell death, metabolic disorders, and fibrillation.
- The adenine model is a simple and reproducible platform for CKD research.
Conclusions:
- The adenine-induced CKD model is a valuable tool for understanding kidney disease pathogenesis.
- This model facilitates the identification of potential therapeutic targets for chronic kidney disease.
- Further research using this model can advance the fight against CKD.
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