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Related Concept Videos

Kinetic Energy00:23

Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is the ability of an object in motion to do work or enact change. It can take on many forms. For instance, water flowing down a waterfall has kinetic energy. In biological systems, particles of light travel and are absorbed by plants to create chemical energy. Animals consume the chemical energy and give off molecules that carry their scent through the air. They also generate kinetic energy when they run away from predators. Entire systems also possess kinetic energy, like the...
Potential Energy00:52

Potential Energy

The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
Chemical bonds that form attractive forces between atoms also contain potential energy, called chemical energy. When a chemical reaction...
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As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the surroundings to the system.
Virtual Work01:20

Virtual Work

The principle of virtual work states that if a body is in static and dynamic equilibrium, then the sum of all the virtual work done by all external forces and couple moments for any given virtual displacement must be zero.
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Work Done by Many Forces01:03

Work Done by Many Forces

The total work done on an object acted upon by multiple forces can be computed using two methods that give the same result. In one method, the work done by each force is first calculated. Then, those values are summed algebraically to calculate the total work done by all the forces. In the second method, the net force is first calculated by a vector sum of all the forces. Then, the work done by this force is obtained.
Since forces perpendicular to the displacement do no work, they do not...
Equation of Motion: Center of Mass01:14

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The equation of motion for a single particle can be expanded to encompass a system of particles consisting of n particles. For any arbitrarily chosen particle within this system, the net force acting upon it is the aggregate of both internal and external forces. Extending this principle to all particles within the system results in the equation of motion for the entire assembly.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
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Quantifying abnormal writing kinematics in writer's cramp using a novel software platform.

Kavadisseril Vivekanandan Vysakha1, Vineeth Radhakrishnan1, Praveen James1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India.

Acta Neurologica Belgica
|April 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

A new digital platform effectively differentiates writer's cramp (WC) patients from healthy individuals by analyzing abnormal writing kinematics. This technology aids in quantifying the condition and may guide future treatment strategies.

Keywords:
Air timeKinematicsNumber of inversions of velocityPressure parametersWriter’s cramp

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biomechanics
  • Digital Health

Background:

  • Writer's cramp (WC) is a clinical diagnosis of focal hand dystonia.
  • Current quantification methods rely on subjective clinical scales.
  • There is a need for objective, digitized tools to assess WC kinematics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and validate a novel software platform for differentiating and quantifying abnormal writing kinematics.
  • To assess the platform's efficacy in adult-onset isolated writer's cramp (WC) patients.

Main Methods:

  • A Java-based platform integrated with a Wacom tablet was developed.
  • Data analysis was performed using the MATLAB-based Large Data-Based Evaluation of Kinematics in Handwriting (LEKH) platform.
  • Handwriting kinematics of 21 WC patients were compared to 39 age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls.

Main Results:

  • The LEKH platform identified significant differences in writing kinematics between WC patients and controls.
  • Key differentiating factors included stroke frequency, velocity inversions, number of breaks, and air/paper time.
  • Statistical significance (P < 0.001) was observed for most kinematic parameters.

Conclusions:

  • The LEKH platform successfully differentiates the kinematic profiles of individuals with WC from healthy controls.
  • Further research with larger cohorts is needed to develop statistical models for distinguishing WC subtypes (flexion/extension).
  • This technology holds potential for guiding muscle selection and quantifying treatment efficacy in WC.