Design and Mechanism Study of High-Safety and Long-Life Electrolyte for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries

Although nonflammable electrolytes are beneficial for battery safety, they often adversely affect the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries due to their poor compatibility with electrodes. Herein, we design a nonflammable electrolyte consisting of cyclic carbonate and 2,2-difluoroethyl acetate (DFEA) solvents paired with several surface-film-forming additives, significantly improving the safety and cycling performance of NMC811||SiO/graphite pouch cells. The DFEA solvent exhibits not only good flame retardancy but also lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy, promoting the formation of a robust inorganic-rich and gradient-architecture hybrid interface between the SiO/graphite anode and electrolyte. The double insurance of good flame retardancy of the DFEA solvent and decreased exothermic effects of both bulk electrolyte and DFEA-derived solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) can ensure the high safety of the pouch cell. Moreover, the highly robust SEI can prevent the excessive reduction decomposition of the electrolyte and alleviate the structural decay of the anode, which can restrain the formation of lithium deposition on the anode surface and further suppress the structural decay of NMC materials. This contributes to the unprecedented cycling performance of the NMC811||SiO/graphite pouch cells with a capacity retention of 80% after 1000 cycles at a 0.33C rate.