4D Printing for Biomedical Applications

Ebrahim Yarali1,2, Mohammad J Mirzaali1, Ava Ghalayaniesfahani1,3

  • 1Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands.

Summary

4D (bio-)printing creates dynamic biomedical devices with multiple functionalities. This review covers smart materials, stimuli, design, and biomedical applications, exploring future research directions for advanced medical innovations.

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