Prandtl and Ohnesorge numbers dependent of ultrasonic horn energy in Newtonian liquid under batch and continuous flow

The level of knowledge on the non-thermal contribution of ultrasonic wave's energy to perform physico-chemical phenomena is one of the bottlenecks for the commercialization purposes. Under constant nominal power of transducer (P_n), the input electrical power (P_in) is less and sensitive to the medium's physical properties. This study attempts to assess the conversion of acoustic to thermal power experimentally and numerically using COMSOL Multiphysis@ for a 24 kHz horn-type sonicator through a medium without any sono-chemical effect. Single- and homogeneous two-phase Newtonian mixtures of sunflower oil and water (o/w) with a relatively wide range of density (914-998 kg/m³) and viscosity (0.5-63.5 mPa.s) were irradiated in a lab-scale vessel (1 L) under batch and continuous flow configuration. The direct influence of P_n (80-400 W) and o/w ratio (0-1) on temperature rise and subsequent thermo-physical properties of liquid and the indirect influence on P_in and thermal energy conversion (TEC) were investigated employing calorimetric method. A new engineering concept including a power factor correlation was proposed and validated for prediction of P_in as a function of liquid space velocity (ϑ), temperature, Prandtl (Pr) and Ohnesorge (Oh) dimensionless groups. The results showed that under constant temperature and P_n, increasing Pr and Oh increased P_in with a similar trend for both modes of operation. An increase in temperature directly led to a decrease in P_in with a power factor closed to "-1". The P_in in continuous flow was higher compared to batch configuration at similar temperature, liquid properties, and P_n. This effect was more significant with increasing ϑ. An increase in ϑ at constant P_n led to a decrease in the inlet/outlet temperature difference in continuous flow and an increase in P_in. Increasing P_n resulted in higher TEC for both configurations; however, TEC was relatively lower in continuous flow than batch configuration indicating more efficient sonication in continuous flow.