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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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A Randomized Trial to Address Food Insecurity and Promote Smoking Cessation Among Low-Income Adults.

Jin E Kim-Mozeleski1, Madeline C Castele1, Pooja Nambiar1

  • 1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.

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Addressing food insecurity alongside smoking cessation support significantly improves quit attempts and abstinence duration in low-income adults. This integrated approach enhances smoking cessation outcomes.

Keywords:
cash transferfood insecurityhealth disparitiessmoking cessationsocial needs

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Behavioral Science
  • Health Disparities

Background:

  • Low-income adults who smoke often face unmet social needs, such as food insecurity.
  • Food insecurity acts as a significant barrier to successful smoking cessation.
  • Existing smoking cessation programs may not adequately address these co-occurring social needs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and assess the feasibility and acceptability of a novel intervention integrating smoking cessation and food insecurity support.
  • To evaluate the preliminary outcomes of this combined intervention on smoking cessation and food access.
  • To determine if addressing social needs improves smoking cessation success in a vulnerable population.

Main Methods:

  • A pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted with 55 participants who were daily smokers and food insecure.
  • Participants received resources navigation for smoking cessation and food access.
  • The intervention group additionally received a monthly economic incentive equivalent to one week of groceries for three months.

Main Results:

  • The study demonstrated feasibility and acceptability, with 80% 3-month retention and 91% participant recommendation.
  • Intervention group participants reported longer smoking abstinence duration at 3 months.
  • A higher proportion of serious quit attempts were observed in the intervention group compared to the control group.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating interventions for smoking cessation and social needs, specifically food insecurity, is feasible and acceptable.
  • Addressing food insecurity may enhance smoking cessation success among low-income adults.
  • This pilot study highlights the importance of a holistic approach to public health interventions for vulnerable populations.