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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

1.0K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

Generation of Human Microglia to Combine Them with Retinal Organoids for Improved Disease Modeling
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Generation of Human Microglia to Combine Them with Retinal Organoids for Improved Disease Modeling

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Retinal microglia exacerbate uveitis by functioning as local antigen-presenting cells.

Shintaro Shirahama, Yoko Okunuki, May Y Lee

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |April 8, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary

    Microglia, not dendritic cells, are critical antigen-presenting cells in autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Targeting microglia can prevent or reduce EAU, even with existing T-cell activation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ophthalmology
    • Immunology
    • Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Autoimmune uveitis (EAU) is a leading cause of blindness.
    • EAU pathogenesis involves T cells and retinal antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
    • The roles of microglia and dendritic cells (DCs) as APCs in EAU are unclear.

    Approach:

    • Used genetically modified mice lacking MHC class II on microglia or CD11c+ DCs.
    • Induced EAU via conventional and adoptive transfer methods.
    • Analyzed APC function across EAU phases.

    Key Points:

    • Microglia are essential APCs throughout all EAU phases.
    • Infiltrating CD11c+ DCs present antigen but are not required for all EAU phases.
    • MHC class II expression on microglia is crucial for EAU development.

    Conclusions:

    • Retinal microglia are the critical APCs in EAU.
    • Targeting microglia offers a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing/reducing uveitis.
    • Dendritic cell function is less critical than microglia in this model.