Thyroid tumors following thymus irradiation

About 2,650 persons who received X-ray treatment for purported enlarged thymuses in infancy and 4,800 sibling controls have been followed by mail questionnaire for an average of 29 years to observe their incidence of thyroid tumors. The follow-up rate in the latest survey was 88% in both groups. The radiation doses to the thyroid gland ranged from 5 to over 1,000 rad, with 62% receiving less than 50 rad. To date 30 thyroid cancers and 59 benign thyroid adenomas have been detected in the irradiated group, as compared with 1 thyroid cancer and 8 adenomas in the control group. The relative risks in the irradiated group were about 45 for thyroid cancer and 15 for benign thyroid adenomas. The dose-response curve for thyroid cancer was essentially linear, although a linear-quadratic curve could not be ruled out. For thyroid adenomas the risk per rad was somewhat greater at lower doses than at high doses. For both thyroid cancers and adenomas the absolute excess risk per rad was two to three times as great in females as males. Within the limitations imposed by the treatment regimens and the sample size, there was no indication of a "sparing" effect due to dose fractionation for either thyroid cancers or adenomas. There was an excess risk for both malignant and benign thyroid tumors for at least 40 years post irradiation. For thyroid cancer the radiogenic risk appeared to be additive with respect to time, rather than the age-specific natural rates of cancer being multiplied.