Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Biomedical Applications, Current Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Sciences
• Nanotechnology
• Cell Biology

Background:

• Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial intercellular communicators.
• Milk-derived EVs (miEVs) offer a scalable alternative to other EVs.
• miEVs possess intrinsic therapeutic properties and potential as drug carriers and biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current knowledge on bovine miEVs.
• To highlight challenges and opportunities for miEVs in theranostics.
• To guide the clinical translation of miEVs.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of bovine miEV studies.
• Analysis of isolation protocols and therapeutic applications.
• Evaluation of challenges in standardization and clinical translation.

Main Results:

• Bovine miEVs demonstrate significant therapeutic potential.
• Standardized isolation protocols are lacking, hindering clinical application.
• miEVs show promise as theranostics for various diseases.

Conclusions:

• miEVs are a promising class of theranostics with broad therapeutic applications.
• Addressing challenges in isolation and standardization is crucial for clinical translation.
• Further research can unlock the full potential of miEVs in medicine.