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Updated: Aug 13, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
Published on: November 21, 2013
Pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia
Abstract:
Animal models of persisting tardive dyskinesia have been developed in two species (rats and monkeys). Dyskinetic animals chronically treated with neuroleptics had significant decreases in glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA in the substantia nigra, the medial globus pallidus, and the subthalamic nucleus, whereas animals without dyskinesias which had been treated similarly had a normal distribution of these biochemical parameters. These changes remained 2 months after neuroleptics were discontinued, and at that point there was a reduced turnover of striatal dopamine in the dyskinetic monkeys. These findings suggest that reduced GABA function in the substantia nigra may play a role in tardive dyskinesia.
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