Rubber-glass nanocomposites fabricated using mixed emulsions

Many composites consist of matrices of elastomers and nanoparticles of stiff materials. Such composites often have superior properties and are widely used. Embedding elastomers with nanoparticles commonly necessitates intense shear, using machines like extruders and roll millers, which cut polymer chains and degrade properties. Here, we prepare a rubber-glass nanocomposite by using two aqueous emulsions. Each emulsion is separately prepared with a single species of polymer chains. Each polymer chain is copolymerized with a small amount of silane coupling agent. Upon mixing the two emulsions, as water evaporates, the glassy particles retain the shape, and the rubbery particles change shape to form a continuous matrix. Subsequently, the silane coupling agent condensates, which cross-links the rubbery chains and interlinks the rubbery chains to the glassy particles. The cross-links and interlinks stabilize the nanostructure and lead to superior properties. The nanocomposite simultaneously achieves high modulus (~30 MPa), high toughness (~100 kJ m^-2), and high fatigue threshold (~1,000 J m^-2). The method of mixed emulsion is environmentally friendly and compatible with various open-air manufacturing processes, such as coat, cast, spray, print, and brush. Additionally, the silane coupling agent can interlink the nanocomposite to other materials. The method of mixed emulsion can be used to fabricate objects of complex shapes, fine features, and prescribed spatial variations of compositions.