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Area of Science:

  • * Solar physics and space weather.
  • * Geomagnetism and solar-terrestrial interactions.

Background:

  • * The Sun's variable solar cycle influences Earth's space weather, impacting society.
  • * The approximately 11-year Schwabe cycle's variable length poses a challenge.
  • * The aa index provides the longest continuous record of geomagnetic activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To physically explain the two-component cycle observed in the aa index.
  • * To correlate extreme space weather events with solar activity characteristics.
  • * To understand the modulation of space weather by solar cycle dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • * Applied the Hilbert transform to sunspot numbers to create a uniform solar clock.
  • * Correlated geomagnetic data (aa index) with solar active region areas and latitudes since 1874.
  • * Analyzed the relationship between solar active region distribution and space weather event occurrence.

Main Results:

  • * Extreme space weather events cease when solar active regions concentrate near the solar equator (<15°).
  • * This transition shifts active regions from high-gradient differential rotation zones to areas with near-constant rotation.
  • * Moderate space weather events, linked to 27-day solar rotations, begin when the centroid of active regions nears the equator.
  • * This explains the previously identified two-component activity cycle in the aa index.

Conclusions:

  • * Solar active region distribution relative to the solar equator is a key driver of space weather event types.
  • * The transition of active regions towards the equator suppresses extreme space weather by altering the solar differential rotation profile.
  • * This provides a physical mechanism for the distinct components of the solar activity cycle observed in geomagnetic records.