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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2025

DNA-affinity-purified Chip DAP-chip Method to Determine Gene Targets for Bacterial Two component Regulatory Systems
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More than two components: complexities in bacterial phosphosignaling.

Andrew Frando1, Christoph Grundner1,2,3

  • 1Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Msystems
|April 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial O-phosphorylation, once thought limited, is now recognized as pervasive, impacting all cellular functions. This discovery reveals a complex signaling network crucial for bacterial physiology and pathogenesis.

Keywords:
bacteriakinasesphosphoproteomicsphosphosignaling

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Two-component systems (TCSs) have long been the primary focus for understanding bacterial environmental sensing and response.
  • O-phosphorylation (on Ser/Thr/Tyr) was historically considered a eukaryotic signaling mechanism with a minor role in bacteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and functional significance of O-phosphorylation and other phosphomodifications in bacterial signaling.
  • To explore the systems-level understanding of bacterial phosphoproteomes.

Main Methods:

  • Systems-level analysis of bacterial phosphoproteomes.
  • Identification of canonical and non-canonical phosphorylation sites (Asp, Arg, His, Ser, Thr, Tyr).

Main Results:

  • Bacterial O-phosphorylation is pervasive, with some proteomes exhibiting phosphorylation levels comparable to eukaryotes.
  • Numerous labile, non-canonical phosphorylation sites on Asp, Arg, and His have been identified in bacteria, with initial functional roles discovered.
  • Phosphorylation on Cys, Glu, and Lys remains largely uncharacterized.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial phosphosignaling is far more complex and widespread than previously appreciated.
  • The full extent of bacterial phosphosignaling capacity is beginning to be understood, with implications for all aspects of bacterial physiology and pathogenesis.