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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Minerals01:26

Minerals

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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
Major...
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Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

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Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Is there any association between fluoride exposure and thyroid function modulation? A systematic review.

Maria Karolina Martins Ferreira1, Priscila Cunha Nascimento1, Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt1

  • 1Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.

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High fluoride exposure may impact thyroid function, according to a systematic review. While five studies found an association, low evidence quality necessitates further research on fluoride and thyroid health.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Endocrinology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • The relationship between fluoride exposure and thyroid function is not well-established.
  • Existing research presents conflicting findings on fluoride's impact on the endocrine system.
  • This review focuses on fluoride's effects on thyroid health at optimal and high water supply levels.

Approach:

  • Systematic review of pre-clinical and observational studies.
  • Searched major scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, and Google Scholar.
  • Assessed evidence quality using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE).

Key Points:

  • Seven studies met inclusion criteria from over 3,500 initially identified.
  • Five studies indicated an association between high fluoride exposure and thyroid function changes.
  • All included studies exhibited methodological limitations and a significant risk of bias.

Conclusions:

  • A potential link exists between chronic high fluoride exposure and thyroid damage.
  • The overall confidence in the current evidence is low.
  • Further high-quality, robustly designed studies are needed to confirm these findings and inform policy.