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Cleavage and Blastulation

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis
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Morphogenesis: Setting the pace of embryo folding.

D Nathaniel Clarke1, Adam C Martin1

  • 1Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|April 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Embryonic development involves tissue folding, crucial for generating body shape. A new study reveals that in Drosophila embryos, a fold is formed by a self-propagating trigger wave.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Biophysics
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Tissue folding is essential for morphogenesis during embryonic development.
  • Understanding the mechanisms driving tissue folding is key to developmental biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of fold formation in the Drosophila embryo.
  • To identify the role of propagating trigger waves in embryonic tissue folding.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced imaging techniques to observe tissue dynamics in Drosophila embryos.
  • Analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of cellular and tissue movements.

Main Results:

  • Observed that a fold in the Drosophila embryo is initiated by a propagating trigger wave.

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Related Experiment Videos

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Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo
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  • Demonstrated that this wave coordinates cellular behaviors leading to fold formation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Propagating trigger waves are a fundamental mechanism for generating tissue folds during embryonic development.
    • This finding provides new insights into the biophysical principles of morphogenesis.