Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Population Growth

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with unlimited resources, populations can increase exponentially, which plots as a J-shaped growth rate curve of population size against time. This type of curve is characteristic of newly-introduced invasive species, or populations that have suffered catastrophic declines and are rebounding.

Causality in Epidemiology

Causality in Epidemiology

Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...

Relative Risk

Relative Risk

Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Rapid, label-free surface plasmon resonance discrimination between Bothrops and Crotalus venoms using clinical antivenom as the capture reagent.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Mass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil

Mass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil

Published on: January 4, 2014

Assessing the Time Evolution of COVID-19 Effective Reproduction Number in Brazil.

Edson Porto DA Silva¹, Antonio M N Lima¹

¹Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Electrical Engineering Department (DEE), Center of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (CEEI), Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882, Bairro Universitário, 58429-900 Campina Grande, PB, Brazil.

Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciencias

|April 10, 2024

Summary

National COVID-19 surveillance may hide localized trends. Local epidemiological data is crucial for effective non-pharmaceutical interventions, especially in less populated Brazilian states.

More Related Videos

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Published on: August 23, 2016

Vector Competence Analyses on Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes using Zika Virus

Vector Competence Analyses on Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes using Zika Virus

Published on: May 31, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Mass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil

Mass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil

Published on: January 4, 2014

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Published on: August 23, 2016

Vector Competence Analyses on Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes using Zika Virus

Vector Competence Analyses on Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes using Zika Virus

Published on: May 31, 2020

Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Biostatistics
Public Health

Background:

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates robust monitoring systems.
Effective reproduction number (R(t)) is a key indicator for epidemic dynamics.
Subnational variations in epidemic trends can be masked by national-level surveillance.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the utility of national surveillance versus subnational data for monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.
To investigate the correlation between national and subnational trends of the effective reproduction number (R(t)) and daily infections.
To inform the design of non-pharmaceutical intervention policies.

Main Methods:

Bayesian methods were employed to estimate the effective reproduction number (R(t)).
Time series analysis was used to compare national and subnational trends.
Correlations between R(t) estimates and moving averages of daily reported infections were assessed.

Main Results:

Higher correlations were observed between national and subnational R(t) estimates compared to moving averages of daily infections.
Despite correlations, significant differences in trends between national and subnational levels were identified for both indicators.
The study highlights potential discrepancies between aggregated and localized epidemic data.

Conclusions:

National surveillance alone may not fully capture the nuances of epidemic evolution across Brazil.
Subnational epidemiological surveillance provides more suitable data for designing targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions.
Local data is particularly important for less populated states to address unique epidemic trajectories.