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Related Concept Videos

Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

112
Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...
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Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

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Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
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Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

128
Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
128
Types of Cement II01:22

Types of Cement II

107
Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...
107
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

229
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
229
C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Author Spotlight: Standardizing the Development of Amine-Based Silica Composites as CO2 Adsorbents for Direct Air Capture
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Zero-Emission Cement Plants with Advanced Amine-Based CO2 Capture.

Kaiqi Jiang1, Hai Yu2, Zening Sun1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, 2 Beinong Road, Changping, Beijing 102206, China.

Environmental Science & Technology
|April 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Achieving net-zero cement production requires advanced amine-based CO2 capture. A new system using piperazine/2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (PZ-AMP) captures 99.7% of CO2, outperforming older methods in energy efficiency and cost.

Keywords:
CO2 capturePZ-AMPsecond-generation technologyzero-emission cement plant

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The cement industry is a major CO2 emitter, necessitating decarbonization for climate goals.
  • Amine-based CO2 capture is a viable technology for cement plants, but achieving net-zero emissions requires higher efficiency.
  • Current research focuses on 90% CO2 removal, leaving a gap for net-zero solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate an advanced amine-based CO2 capture system for net-zero emission cement plants.
  • To investigate the performance of monoethanomaine (MEA) and piperazine/2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (PZ-AMP) systems at high capture rates.
  • To assess the energy efficiency and economic viability of achieving 99.7% CO2 capture in cement production.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of an advanced amine-based CO2 capture system with a cement plant.
  • Detailed investigation of first-generation (MEA) and second-generation (PZ-AMP) amine systems.
  • Performance evaluation based on CO2 capture efficiency, regeneration duty, and CO2 avoided cost.

Main Results:

  • The advanced PZ-AMP system achieved 99.7% CO2 capture efficiency.
  • PZ-AMP demonstrated superior energy performance, with a regeneration duty 39% lower than MEA.
  • The PZ-AMP system achieved a CO2 avoided cost of $72.0/tonne, 18% lower than MEA-based zero-emission processes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed advanced amine system, particularly PZ-AMP, can achieve net-zero CO2 emissions in cement plants.
  • The PZ-AMP system offers significant energy savings and cost reductions compared to MEA.
  • Further cost reductions are achievable, making PZ-AMP economically competitive for zero-emission cement production.