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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

119.6K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
119.6K
Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

31.6K
Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
31.6K
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

22.7K
Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
22.7K
Membrane Proteins01:30

Membrane Proteins

19.3K
Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
19.3K
Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

10.2K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
10.2K
Transcellular Transport of Solutes01:23

Transcellular Transport of Solutes

3.6K
Transcellular transport of solutes is the movement of substances like monosaccharides and amino acids through polarized cells. This transport mechanism is primarily seen in epithelial and endothelial cells aided by membrane transport proteins such as channels and transporters. The tight junctions between these cells confine the membrane proteins to the two sides of the cell. The epithelial cells have distinct apical and basolateral domains. In contrast, the endothelial cells show the luminal...
3.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools
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Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

Published on: July 20, 2022

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The interplay between sodium/glucose cotransporter type 2 and mitochondrial ionic environment.

Gianmarco Borriello1, Veronica Buonincontri1, Antonio de Donato2

  • 1Dept. Translational Medical Sciences, Univ. Campania, "L Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.

Mitochondrion
|April 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sodium-Glucose transporters (SGLTs) influence mitochondrial sodium (Na+) and hydrogen ion levels, impacting mitochondrial dynamics. SGLT inhibitors show potential in modulating mitochondrial function across various cell types.

Keywords:
EndotheliumGliflozinsProximal tubuleSGLT2SodiumSwelling

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Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial biology
  • Cellular physiology
  • Metabolic regulation

Background:

  • Mitochondrial volume relies on inner membrane permeability and osmotic balance.
  • Electrolytes and glucose influence mitochondrial swelling, but the link to ion homeostasis is unclear.
  • Sodium-Glucose transporters (SGLTs) regulate intracellular glucose and sodium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of Sodium-Glucose transporters (SGLTs) on mitochondrial sodium (Na+) homeostasis.
  • To explore how SGLTs influence mitochondrial ion dynamics and function.
  • To summarize recent findings on SGLT inhibitors' effects on mitochondria.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on SGLT function and mitochondrial physiology.
  • Analysis of data concerning SGLT inhibitors' effects on various cell types.
  • Synthesis of evidence linking SGLT activity to mitochondrial ion and water balance.

Main Results:

  • SGLTs regulate intracellular sodium, directly affecting mitochondrial Na+ homeostasis.
  • Mitochondrial Na+ dynamics are closely tied to cytoplasmic calcium and sodium.
  • SGLT inhibitors (SGLTi) demonstrate effects on mitochondrial dynamics, particularly concerning intracellular sodium and hydrogen ions in diverse cell types.

Conclusions:

  • SGLTs play a role in mitochondrial ion homeostasis.
  • SGLT inhibitors may modulate mitochondrial function and dynamics.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms of SGLT regulation on mitochondrial ion channels.