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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

Magnetic Field due to Moving Charges

A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
Consider a point charge moving with a constant velocity. Like the electric field, the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source point and the field point. However, unlike the electric field, the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the plane containing the line...

Induced Electric Fields: Applications

Induced Electric Fields: Applications

An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

Induced Electric Fields

Induced Electric Fields

The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...

Electric Field at the Surface of a Conductor

Electric Field at the Surface of a Conductor

Consider a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium. The net electric field inside a conductor vanishes, and extra charges on the conductor reside on its outer surface, regardless of where they originate.
In the 19th century, Michael Faraday conducted the famous ice pail experiment to prove that the charges always reside on the surface of a conductor. The experimental set-up consists of a conducting uncharged container mounted on an insulating stand. The outer surface of the container is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Published on: March 24, 2019

Terahertz electric-field-driven dynamical multiferroicity in SrTiO₃.

M Basini¹, M Pancaldi^2,3, B Wehinger^2,4

¹Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.

|April 10, 2024

Summary

Scientists induced room-temperature magnetization in strontium titanate by rotating ions with light. This dynamical multiferroicity offers new pathways for ultrafast magnetic switches and controlling magnetic states.

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Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

Published on: February 9, 2017

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Quantum Optics

Background:

Collective order in matter is a fundamental physics phenomenon.
Dynamical control of matter states beyond thermodynamic equilibrium is a growing research area.
Dynamical multiferroicity theoretically describes magnetization from time-dependent electric polarization.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide experimental evidence for room-temperature dynamical multiferroicity.
To demonstrate magnetization induction in a non-ferromagnetic material via lattice vibrations.
To explore light-based control of magnetic properties.

Main Methods:

Resonant driving of the infrared-active soft phonon mode in SrTiO3 using circularly polarized terahertz electric fields.
Time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements to detect magnetization.
Theoretical modeling using coupled nonlinear oscillators and ab initio calculations with self-consistent phonon theory.

Main Results:

Experimental observation of room-temperature magnetization in strontium titanate (SrTiO3).
Coherent rotation of ions induced by the terahertz field generates a magnetic moment.
Theoretical models qualitatively reproduced experimental observations, with quantitative agreement upon including the Barnett effect.

Conclusions:

Demonstrated a novel mechanism for inducing magnetism via light-controlled lattice vibrations.
Established experimental evidence for dynamical multiferroicity in SrTiO3 at room temperature.
Opened new avenues for ultrafast magnetic switches and light-driven magnetism control.