Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

3.3K
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
3.3K
Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States03:25

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

11.4K
The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
 
where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/K·mol), T is the absolute temperature in kelvin, and Q is the reaction quotient. This equation may be used to predict the spontaneity of a process under any given set of conditions.
Reaction Quotient...
11.4K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

3.5K
Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
3.5K
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

2.7K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
2.7K
Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

9.2K
Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal,...
9.2K
Reaction Stoichiometry02:57

Reaction Stoichiometry

65.9K
A balanced chemical equation provides a great deal of information in a very succinct format. Chemical formulas provide the identities of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change, allowing classification of the reaction. Coefficients provide the relative numbers of these chemical species, allowing a quantitative assessment of the relationships between the amounts of substances consumed and produced by the reaction. These quantitative relationships are known as the...
65.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Waste-Based Volatile Fatty Acids for Fuel and Chemical Production.

ACS energy letters·2026
Same author

Nutrient Separation Systems: Current Progress and Future Opportunities.

ACS ES&T engineering·2026
Same author

Local pH Effects on the Temperature Dependence of Product Formation in CO<sub>2</sub> Electrolyzers.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Triggering hydrogenolysis of the lignin model compound benzyl phenyl ether using the intrinsic exothermicity of Pd-hydride formation.

RSC sustainability·2025
Same author

Concentrating Ammonia from Wastewater with Electrodialysis.

ACS ES&T water·2025
Same author

Understanding the Dissolution and Passivation of an Aluminum Electrode during Electrocoagulation of Groundwater Using Neutron and X-ray Reflectometry.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

26.5K

Achieving Decentralized, Electrified, and Decarbonized Ammonia Production.

Carlos A Fernández1, Oliver Chapman2, Marilyn A Brown2

  • 1George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|April 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Electrified ammonia production using renewable energy is feasible, requiring high energy efficiency to compete with traditional methods. Optimizing locations minimizes water stress and transportation costs for sustainable fertilizer production.

Keywords:
ammonia productiondecarbonizationdecentralized supply chainelectrified chemical manufacturinggeospatial optimizationtechno-economic modelingvariable renewable electricitywater stress mitigation

More Related Videos

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
09:50

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

12.7K
Ammonia Fiber Expansion AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
09:30

Ammonia Fiber Expansion AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Published on: April 18, 2020

13.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure

Published on: August 23, 2017

26.5K
Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
09:50

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

12.7K
Ammonia Fiber Expansion AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
09:30

Ammonia Fiber Expansion AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Published on: April 18, 2020

13.5K

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Renewable Energy Systems
  • Sustainable Manufacturing

Background:

  • The chemical industry is transitioning towards decarbonized technologies due to falling renewable energy costs.
  • Electrified chemical manufacturing's viability depends on energy efficiency and capital costs.
  • Ammonia production is a key area for decarbonization, crucial for fertilizers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of ammonia production powered by wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy.
  • To identify optimal geographic regions for renewable-powered ammonia synthesis.
  • To establish technology targets for competitive electrified ammonia production.

Main Methods:

  • Geospatial analysis to identify regions balancing renewable energy generation and local ammonia demand.
  • Techno-economic assessment comparing electrified ammonia production with the Haber-Bosch process.
  • Water stress modeling to ensure sustainable facility siting.

Main Results:

  • Electrified ammonia production requires 20-70% energy efficiency to compete with the Haber-Bosch process, depending on natural gas prices.
  • Optimal regions were identified, considering wind and PV potential and local fertilizer demand.
  • Minimizing water stress (99% reduction) increased costs by only 1.4%.
  • Decentralized production via wind and PV can cut transport distances by 76% but raises costs by 18%.

Conclusions:

  • Renewable energy-driven ammonia production is a viable decarbonization strategy.
  • Careful site selection is crucial for managing water resources and economic competitiveness.
  • Decentralization offers logistical benefits but requires further cost optimization.