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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

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Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
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Cognitivism01:17

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Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
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Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) are grounded in the belief that our thoughts profoundly influence our emotions and actions. Advocates of CBT emphasize three core assumptions: first, that cognitions are identifiable and measurable; second, that they are central to psychological functioning; and third, that irrational or maladaptive beliefs can be replaced with rational and adaptive ones. This transformative approach to therapy has paved the way for specific models such as Albert...
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Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
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High-Level and Low-Level Awareness

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Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
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Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface
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Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

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Humans do not avoid reactively implementing cognitive control.

Bettina Bustos1, Jackson S Colvett2, Julie M Bugg2

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance
|April 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People do not avoid cognitive control, even when it is demanding. This suggests that implementing reactive control is not perceived as costly, challenging previous assumptions about minimizing cognitive effort.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cognitive control is essential for goal achievement but is generally minimized due to perceived costs.
  • Reactive control, a specific form of cognitive control, is theorized to be automatic and not resource-dependent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether individuals avoid implementing reactive control.
  • To determine if the perceived cost of reactive control influences choice behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a Stroop task with mostly incongruent (MI) and mostly congruent items to establish control settings.
  • A demand selection task was used to assess avoidance of previously MI items.
  • Experiments manipulated objective differences in demand between choice options.

Main Results:

  • Control settings established for MI items persisted.
  • Participants did not avoid choice options associated with previously MI items.
  • Demand avoidance was observed only when objective differences in demand were present.

Conclusions:

  • Implementing reactive control may not be perceived as inherently costly.
  • Findings challenge the notion that individuals universally aim to minimize cognitive control demands.
  • The perception of cost is critical for demand avoidance in cognitive control.