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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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The gravitational acceleration of an object near the Earth's surface is called the acceleration due to gravity. It can be measured by conducting simple experiments on Earth. However, such an experiment is impossible to conduct on the surface of other planets.
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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

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During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements
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Clearer skies may be accelerating global warming.

Paul Voosen

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 11, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary

    Global pollution reduction may be increasing the amount of solar energy absorbed worldwide. This study explores the link between cleaner air and rising absorbed solar energy levels.

    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Atmospheric Physics
    • Climate Science

    Background:

    • Rising global temperatures are a significant concern.
    • Changes in atmospheric composition are known to affect Earth's energy balance.

    Discussion:

    • Reduced aerosols and pollutants in the atmosphere allow more solar radiation to reach the surface.
    • This phenomenon could contribute to the observed increase in absorbed solar energy.

    Key Insights:

    • Declining pollution levels are identified as a potential driver for increased absorbed solar energy.
    • The study quantifies the impact of atmospheric changes on solar energy absorption.

    Outlook:

    • Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term implications of this finding.

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  • This insight could inform climate models and mitigation strategies.