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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

Published on: October 5, 2013

Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Fe67.6-Pd32-In0.4 (at.%) Shape Memory Melt-Spun Ribbons.

David Vokoun¹, Yuan-Hung Lo², Oleg Heczko¹

¹FZU-Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 13, 2024

Summary

Adding Indium to ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (SMAs) shifts transformation temperatures. This Fe-Pd-In alloy exhibits significantly enhanced magnetic strains, exceeding those of near-binary Fe-Pd SMAs.

Keywords:

Fe-Pd shape memory alloy X-ray diffraction magnetically induced strains martensitic transformation multiferroic alloys

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2025

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Metallurgy
Physics

Background:

Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (SMAs) like Fe-Pd exhibit reversible thermoelastic fcc-fct phase transformations.
Indium addition to Fe-Pd SMAs can shift transformation temperatures, enabling martensitic state retention at room temperature.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the microstructure and magnetic properties of melt-spun Fe67.6-Pd32-In0.4 (at.%) ribbons.
Evaluate the effect of Indium on the phase transformation and magnetic-induced strain.

Main Methods:

Melt-spinning technique for ribbon fabrication.
Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) for elemental distribution analysis.
Annealing at 1273 K for 120 h to study homogenization effects.
Magnetic field application (9 kOe) to measure magneto-strains.

Main Results:

As-spun ribbons showed non-uniform Indium distribution.
Annealing led to an unfavorable structural change to bct martensite.
Magneto-strains over 400 ppm were observed, approximately four times higher than near-binary Fe-Pd SMAs.

Conclusions:

Indium addition to Fe-Pd SMAs is beneficial for enhancing magnetic strain properties.
Optimizing Indium distribution and processing is crucial to avoid detrimental structural changes during annealing.